地震介绍要唐山 阿拉斯加 汶川的介绍,关键要中英文对照,汶川没有也行.

地震介绍要唐山 阿拉斯加 汶川的介绍,关键要中英文对照,汶川没有也行.
地震介绍
要唐山 阿拉斯加 汶川的介绍,关键要中英文对照,汶川没有也行.

地震介绍要唐山 阿拉斯加 汶川的介绍,关键要中英文对照,汶川没有也行.
唐山大地震英文介绍
Tangshan: The Deadliest Earthquake
From Jennifer Rosenberg
At 3:42 a.m. on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the sleeping city of Tangshan, in northeastern China. The very large earthquake, striking an area where it was totally unexpected, obliterated the city of Tangshan and killed over 240,000 people - making it the deadliest earthquake of the twentieth century.
Fireballs and Animals Give Warning
Though scientific earthquake prediction is in its nascent stages, nature often gives some advance warning of an impending earthquake.
In a village outside of Tangshan, well water reportedly rose and fell three times the day before the earthquake. In another village, gas began to spout out the water well on July 12 and then increased on July 25th and 26th. Other wells throughout the area showed signs of cracking.
Animals also gave a warning that something was about to happen. One thousand chickens in Baiguantuan refused to eat and ran around excitedly chirping. Mice and yellow weasels were seen running around looking for a place to hide. In one household in the city of Tangshan, a goldfish began jumping wildly in its bowl. At 2 a.m. on July 28, shortly before the earthquake struck, the goldfish jumped out of its bowl. Once its owner had returned him to his bowl, the goldfish continued to jump out of its bowl until the earthquake hit.
Strange? Indeed. These were isolated incidents, spread across a city of a million people and a countryside scattered with villages. But nature gave additional warnings.
The night preceding the earthquake, July 27-28, many people reported seeing strange lights as well as loud sounds. The lights were seen in a multitude of hues. Some people saw flashes of light; others witnessed fireballs flying across the sky. Loud, roaring noises followed the lights and fireballs. Workers at the Tangshan airport described the noises as louder than that of an airplane.
The Earthquake Strikes
When the 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Tangshan at 3:42 a.m. on July 28, over a million people lay sleeping, unaware of the disaster that was to befall them. As the earth began to shake, a few people who were awake had the forethought to dive under a table or other heavy piece of furniture, but most were asleep and did not have time. The entire earthquake lasted approximately 14 to 16 seconds.
Once the quake was over, the people who could, scrambled out into the open, only to see the entire city levelled. After an initial period of shock, the survivors began to dig through debris to answer the muffled calls for help as well as find loved ones still under rubble. As injured people were saved from under the rubble, they were lain on the side of the road. Many of the medical personnel were also trapped under debris or killed by the earthquake. The medical centers were destroyed as well as the roads to get there.
Survivors were faced with no water, no food, and no electricity.
All but one of the roads into Tangshan was undrivable. Unfortunately, relief workers accidentally clogged the one remaining road, leaving them and their supplies stuck for hours in the traffic jam.
People needed help immediately; survivors could not wait for help to arrive. Survivors formed groups to dig for others. They set up medical areas where emergency procedures were conducted with the minimum of supplies. They searched for food and set up temporary shelters.
Though 80 percent of the people trapped under rubble were saved, a 7.1 magnitude aftershock that hit in the afternoon of July 28 sealed the fate for many who had been waiting under the rubble for help.
After the earthquake hit, 242,419 people lay dead or dying, along with another 164,581 people who were severely injured. In 7,218 households, all members of the family were killed by the earthquake.
Corpses were buried quickly, usually close to the residences in which they perished. This later caused health problems, especially after it rained and the bodies were again exposed. Workers had to find these impromptu graves, dig up the bodies, and then move and rebury the corpses outside of the city.
Damage and Recovery
Before the 1976 earthquake, scientists didn't think Tangshan was susceptible to a large earthquake; thus, the area was zoned an intensity level of VI on the Chinese intensity scale (similar to the Mercalli scale). The 7.8 earthquake that hit Tangshan was given an intensity level of XI (out of XII). The buildings in Tangshan were not built to withstand such a large earthquake.
Ninety-three percent of residential buildings and 78 percent of industrial buildings were completely destroyed. Eighty percent of the water pumping stations were seriously damaged and the water pipes were damaged throughout the city. Fourteen percent of the sewage pipes were severely damaged.
The foundations of bridges gave way, causing the bridges to collapse.
Railroad lines bent. Roads were covered with debris as well as riddled with fissures.
With so much damage, recovery was not easy. Food was a high priority. Some food was parachuted in, but the distribution was uneven. Water, even just for drinking, was extremely scarce. Many people drank out of pools or other locations that had become contaminated during the earthquake. Relief workers eventually got water trucks and others to transport clean drinking water into the affected areas.
After the emergency care was given, the rebuilding of Tangshan began almost immediately. Though it took time, the entire city was rebuilt and is again home to over a million people, earning Tangshan the name "Brave City of China."
1976年7月28日3点42分53秒在唐山发生了7.8级地震,地震震中在唐山路南区的吉祥路一带,即 北纬39度38’,东经118度11’,震中烈度达12度,震源深度12公里.当天18点45分又在滦县发生了7. 1级地震,同年11月15日宁河发生了6. 9级地震,主震后的余震更加加重了地震灾害.唐山地震无明显前震,余震持续时间长,衰减过程起伏大,余震活动历经二十余年未平息,至今仍有4级左右地震发生.
唐山大地震是20世纪十大自然灾害之一.1976年7月28日凌晨3时42分54秒80,在河北省唐山市发生8.3级强烈地震,震中烈度高达Ⅺ度.同日18时45分,又在距唐山40余km的滦县商家林发生 7.1级地震.震中烈度为Ⅸ度.这次地震发生在工业城市,人口稠密,损失十分严重.唐山市区建筑物多数基本倒平或严重破坏,铁轨发生蛇形扭曲,地表发生大量裂缝,还有喷水冒沙、塌陷,震前伴有发光现象.242469人死亡,703600人受伤.邻近的天津也遭到Ⅷ～Ⅸ度的破坏.有感范围波及重庆等14个省、市、区,破坏范围半径约250千米.震源物理的研究表明,该震的震源错动过程较复杂.
强烈的地震使交通中断,通讯瘫痪,城市停水、停电,抢修通讯、供水、供电、恢复交通等生命.
人类将永远铭记历史的这个时刻：公元1976年7月28日,北京时间凌晨3时42分53秒

我们概括出几个知识点跟大家讨论。“地震三要素”，大家知道就是时空强，时间，发震时间。空间，震中位置，其实还应当加上一个深度，都叫空间位置。再一个是地震震级，简称地震时、空、强，一般我们说的震级都是里氏震级。 “地震灾害的分类”，直接灾害，次生灾害，诱发灾害。房倒屋塌人员伤亡叫“直接灾害”。引起地震火灾、地震水灾、地震瘟疫叫做“次生灾害”。什么叫“诱发灾害”呢，地震来了以后，这种社会功能性的瓦解叫做...

全部展开

我们概括出几个知识点跟大家讨论。“地震三要素”，大家知道就是时空强，时间，发震时间。空间，震中位置，其实还应当加上一个深度，都叫空间位置。再一个是地震震级，简称地震时、空、强，一般我们说的震级都是里氏震级。 “地震灾害的分类”，直接灾害，次生灾害，诱发灾害。房倒屋塌人员伤亡叫“直接灾害”。引起地震火灾、地震水灾、地震瘟疫叫做“次生灾害”。什么叫“诱发灾害”呢，地震来了以后，这种社会功能性的瓦解叫做诱发灾害。“地震与断层”，有地震必有断层，有断层未必有地震。“地震成灾”，有地震不一定成灾，最简单的道理，那儿没人，没有房子，没城市，它成什么灾？留下来是一个壮观的自然景象。“地震灾害的预测和震后灾情的快速评估”，我们说是灾害的预测，不是地震预测，地震预测我们现在还没有太多办法。“地震预报”有长期、中期、短期、临震四个阶段，叫渐进式地震预报。
最后，我想概括成两句话，一个是人和自然，“面对地震人类并非无能为力”，我强调的不是战胜它，我们要和它融洽，我们说并非无能为力，意思是说，我们有些办法，可以减少损失。下一句话，“防震减灾是政府领导下的全社会行动”，强调面对地震，不是一个人的事，也不仅仅是专家的事，应当是三足鼎立，政府、专家、公众三个方面缺一不可，团结起来，共同行动起来，减轻地震灾害损失，让我们和地下、脚下的地球和睦相处。

收起